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Written Assignment 2: Essay 1500 words Task Rationale Writing an Annotated Bibliography will help you to find, summarise and organise the relevant research literature to support you in providing evidence based clinical practice. Compiling an annotated bibliography will help you think about the relevance and quality of the research on a topic. Does the research meet the requirements of the case study? Is the information from a reliable and academically respected source? You will be asked to do similar research to this in the workplace when preparing to conduct new research projects or when developing practice guidelines, procedures and protocols. Task Description For this task you need to write a 1500 word essay. In your essay you must summarise, evaluate and critique three (3) sources relevant to the case study. There are three (3) parts to this essay: Part 1: Annotated Bibliography (600 words) Part 2: Justification for your choice of sources (700 words) Part 3: Recommendations for clinical practice (200 words) Task Instructions Read the case study which is in the Assessment 2 folder Now read the sources in the Reference List and select three (3) sources that you will use for the annotated bibliography section of your essay. Select the sources that you think relate the most to the clinical condition presented in the case study. (Part 1) Write an annotation for each of the 3 sources (200 words each annotation).  There is a document called ‘Examples of Annotations’ in the Assessment 2 folder Structure your annotated bibliography like this: alphabetical order according to the author’s name each annotation is a separate paragraph each annotation must begin with the formal citation (APA 6) population, methodology, findings conclusions limitations (Part 2) Next you need to justify your choice of references based on their: strengths, in relation to the associated case study, quality of the research, and what they add to clinical practice to manage the condition(s) presented in the case study (700 words). Use current literature to support your discussion. (Part 3) Finally, based on the evidence, you need to make recommendations for clinical practice (200 words). You will refer to the literature for this. Useful Resources: This resource from UNSW is also available to guide you – https://student.unsw.edu.au/annotated-bibliography NB* Necessary Tips for Writing your essay: Presentation and structure of the paper should support a logical flow of arguments. Word limits for assessment items need to be strictly adhered to. The word limit for an assessment item includes in text citations, tables and quotations. The word limit DOES NOT include the reference list. Please note the marker will cease marking your submitted work once they have reached the allocated word limit. You may use headings to structure your essay. Use academic language1 throughout, and use the third person unless otherwise instructed. Ensure that you use scholarly literature2 (digitised readings, research articles, relevant Government reports and text books) that has been published within the last 6 years Refer to the marking criteria when writing your assignment. This helps to ensure you address all criteria and assist you in calculating the weightings of the sections for your assignment. Your justification and recommendations should be supported by no fewer than 9 different sources (not including those provided) from scholarly literature. Your essay must conform to APA 6th edition style for in text references and the final reference list, and references are to be presented on a separate page. Formatting and Submission Please submit as ONE document including (in this order): Assignment Cover sheets (Read carefully and complete all sections especially the Academic Integrity Declaration on the cover sheet). The health writing and referencing guide has coversheets attached to already formatted blank documents. Refer to that section of Health writing and referencing guide which outlines specified health group formatting guidelines for assignments Go to the link: 2. Assignment Title Page with correct details 3. Your essay, appropriately formatted (font, line spacing, margins, page numbers, student number etc.) 4. Reference list on a separate sheet and appropriately formatted. This is additional to the word limit. Everyday language is predominantly subjective. It is mainly used to express opinions based on personal preference or belief rather than evidence. Written academic English is formal. It avoids colloquialisms and slang, which may be subject to local and social variations. Formal language is more precise and stable, and therefore more suitable for the expression of complex ideas and the development of reasoned argumentation. 2 Scholarly or peer-reviewed journal articles are written by scholars or professionals who are experts in their fields, as opposed to literature such as magazine articles, which reflect the tastes of the general public and are often meant as entertainment. 1 2 4
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Case Study 1: Annotated Bibliography Case Study 1 Charlie, a 75-year old overweight man, has arrived at the general practice clinic where you are currently working. He is breathless, has visible peripheral oedema, and tachycardia. Two years ago Charlie was diagnosed with chronic heart failure as a result of ischaemic cardiomyopathy and hypertension but states that in the past few days he has felt increasingly unwell. Based on the case, choose three references from the reference list below which you believe best summarise the evidence for the management of Charlie’s condition. Reference list Rees, K., Dyakova, M.,Wilson, N., Ward, K., Thorogood, M., & Brunner, E. (2013). Dietary advice for reducing cardiovascular risk. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 12. Art. No.: CD002128. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002128.pub5. Faris, R., Flather, M., Purcell, H., Poole–Wilson, P. & Coates, A. (2006). Diuretics for heart failure. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD003838. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003838.pub2. McMurray, J, Adamopoulos, S, Anker, S., Auricchio, A., Bohm, M.Dickstein, K.,… Ponikowski, P. (2012). ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2012 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. European Heart Journal, 33(14), 1787-847. Sagar, V., Davies, E., Briscoe, S., Coates, A., Dalal, H., Lough, F. … Taylor, R. (2015). Exercise – based rehabilitation for heart failure: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Open Heart, 2 : e000163. doi:10.1136/openhrt-2014- 000163. Molloy, G., O’Carroll, R., Witham, M., & McMurdo, M., (2012). Interventions to enhance adherence to medications in patients with heart failure: a systematic review. Circulation Heart Failure, 5(1), 126-133. Strömberg, A., Mårtensson, J., Fridlund, B., Levin, L., Karlsson, J.E., & Dahlström, U. (2003). Nurse-led heart failure clinics improve survival and self-care behaviour in patients with heart failure: results from a prospective, randomised trial, European Heart Journal (11), 1014-23. Guo, R., Pittler, M., & Ernst, E. (2008), Hawthorn extract for treating chronic heart failure. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Issue 1. Art. No.: CD005312. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005312.pub2. Murray, M., Tu., W, Wu, J., Morrow, D., Smith, F., & Brater, D. (2009). Factors associated with exacerbation of heart failure include treatment adherence and health literacy skills. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 85(6), 651-8. doi: 10.1038/clpt.2009.7. Takeda, A., Taylor, S., Taylor, R.., Khan, F., Krum, H., & Underwood, M., (2012). Clinical service organisation for heart failure. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 9. Art. No.: CD002752. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002752.pub3. Wu, J., Corley, D., Lennie, T., & Moser, D. (2012), Effect of a medication-taking behavior feedback theory-based intervention on outcomes in patients with heart failure. Journal of Cardiac Failure, 18(1), 1-9. Gorthi, J., Huntera, C., Mooss , A., Alla, V., & Hilleman, D. (2014). Reducing Heart Failure Hospital Readmissions: A Systematic Review of Disease Management Programs. Cardiology Research, 5(5), 126-138. 2
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‘Examples of Annotations’ 1. Eakin E., Reeves M., Winkler E., Lawler S., & Owen, N. (2010). Maintenance of physical activity and dietary change following a telephone-delivered intervention. Health Psychology, 29(6), 566-573. A randomised controlled trial was conducted and 434 patients with Type 2 diabetes or hypertension were recruited from ten primary care practices in a disadvantaged community. Five practices were randomised to a telephone-counselling intervention (n = 228) and five practices to usual care (n= 206). The aim was to examine the maintenance of behavioural changes six months after a telephone-delivered physical activity and diet intervention. Participants received 18 phone calls, a workbook with information on physical activity and healthy eating that followed the 5 A’s approach, and a pedometer. The usual care group received brief feedback on their assessment and health related brochures. The main outcome measures included the use of validated, self-report measures of physical activity and diet. Data was collected at baseline, twelve months, and 18 months (months post intervention). The findings showed both interventions were found to show significantly improved behaviour changes particularly in those who adhered to the study. The research is relevant for managing people with type 2 diabetes and hypertension living in disadvantaged communities. The researchers concluded that telephone-delivered interventions promoted maintenance of health behaviour change but studies with longer term follow-up are needed to determine how intervention duration and intensity might enhance maintenance. 2. Guo, R., Pittler, M.H., & Ernst, E. (2008). Hawthorn extract for treating chronic heart failure. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD005312. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005312.pub2. A systematic review of double-blinded randomised controlled trials conducted by the Cochrane Heart Group members in 2008 assessed the benefits and harms of hawthorn extract compared to placebo for chronic heart failure patients. A comprehensive search of electronic databases included, CENTRAL, The Cochrane Library (issue 2, 2006), MEDLINE (1951 to June 2006), EMBASE (1974 to June 2006), CINAHL (1982 to June 2006) and AMED (1985 to June 2006). Studies used hawthorn leaf and flower extract mono-preparations. Two reviewers collected the data, independently selected the studies, conducted data extraction and assessed the quality of the studies. Data were analysed using RevMan software. The results included fourteen trials reporting hawthorn being used as an adjunct to conventional treatment. Ten trials including 855 patients with chronic heart failure underwent meta-analysis. Outcome measures included physiologic outcome of maximal workload, exercise tolerance, pressure–heart rate product, shortness of breath and fatigue. All showed significant beneficial results. Adverse events were found to be transient, mild and infrequent. A limitation was the methodological rigour varied among the trials. In conclusion, significant benefits were found using hawthorn extract as an adjunctive treatment for chronic heart failure in relation to symptom control and physiologic outcomes. 2
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0 Insert Page Number – Upper right corner in page ‘header’ Name: Sarah Smith Essay Title: The Impact of Positive Predispositions on Quality of Life Word Count: 1570 (excluding title page and reference list) Student number in centre of the page footer Student Name, Title of Essay, and Word Count on Title Page Regardless of who we are or where we come from, few situations in life are as stressful as living with a chronic, physical illness (Fitzgerald Miller, 2000). Chronic illness (CI), defined as an altered health state not curable through surgical or medical or procedures, often involves “long-term, impaired functioning and multiple illness-related demands on an individual that are never completely eliminated” (Fitzgerald Miller, 2000, p. 4). In Australia, the prevalence of CI has increased over the last decade, with as much as 15% of the population currently living with illnesses such as circulatory conditions (e.g. heart attack, stroke, angina and hypertension), cancer, arthritis, osteoporosis, asthma, and diabetes (Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], 2009). In addition to an increase in their prevalence, many of these chronic problems are now occurring at younger ages than ever before (Keyes, 2007). With increasing numbers of people getting sick at younger ages, the onus is on the health professions to investigate new ways to assist those living with chronic physical illness to live healthier and happier lives; to find ways to help them ‘flourish’ amid adversity. Indent (by 1 tab space) the first line of each new paragraph Page number included in citation for direct quote Double quotation marks for direct quote Double-spaced, Times New Roman 12 point font Inclusion of abbreviation in the first citation Research suggests that the ways in which individuals cope with illness have a direct effect on their future physical and psychological health and quality of life (Fitzgerald Miller, 2000). In the past, traditional treatment options available to people living with a CI (e.g. pharmacological therapy, physical rehabilitation, surgical treatment, psychological pain management programs, interventions to reduce fear, anger, depression and anxiety, and illness education programs) have focused on addressing the negative symptoms of the illness. Even the most comprehensive multidisciplinary treatment programs, aimed at both the physiological and psychological aspects of the illness, have mainly focused on treating the illness itself or helping individuals alter the way they think about or cope with the illness (Fitzgerald Miller, 2000; Newman, Steed, & Mulligan, 2004; Turk & Akiko, 2002). This past ‘illness ideology’ has dictated, therefore, that health professionals concentrate on disorder, dysfunction, and disease rather than on health, strength, and wellbeing, thereby neglecting the consideration of the potential benefits that may be gained (by illness sufferers) from emphasising positive aspects of daily life (Maddux, 2008). In healthcare settings therefore, the approach to treatment has tended to be one-dimensional, focused mainly on treating the symptoms and negative outcomes associated with physical illness. This approach, although necessary, has two limitations: (i) working towards reducing negative factors associated with illness does not ensure that positive ones will be enhanced; and (ii) working to increase positive characteristics and behaviours may simultaneously reduce at least some of the negative aspects of illness that are the targets of treatment (Harris & Thoresen, 2006). Wood and Tarrier (2010) suggest that, focusing on the positive can: (i) enhance the prediction and understanding of clinical conditions; (ii) buffer the impact of negative events (such as living with illness); and (iii) be used to develop treatment options to enhance health and wellbeing. Further examination of the impact of positivity, especially among clinical illness populations, is therefore indicated. The research reported in this thesis aimed to achieve this by investigating the efficacy of newly emerging, positive-focused approaches to patient care and treatment, with a specific emphasis on evaluating their impact on the relationship between illness and quality of life (QoL) among Australians living with chronic physical illness. Alphabetical ordering of different citations in brackets Do not justify the right side of your text The following section provides a snapshot of chronic illness within an Australian context, with a focus on three specific illness types which are highly prevalent in society at present. This is followed by a more detailed discussion of how living with chronic illness is associated with not only physiological health, but daily mood and QoL. Use “&” when citing more than one author in brackets Use word ‘and’ when citing more than one author in text First reference to abbreviation in the text The management of chronic illness in Australia exerts a high financial burden on the national economy, with data showing that in 2004-2005, total expenditure on chronic disease management accounted for $25.5 billion (equivalent to approximately half of the funds allocated to health care for that year) (ABS, 2009). Of the many long-term medical conditions faced by Australians every day, three chronic conditions that are highly prevalent are Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), diabetes mellitus (Type 1 and 2), and arthritis-related conditions (rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis in particular), with both COPD and diabetes ranked among the 10 leading causes of death in Australia (ABS, 2009). Specific prevalence and national health expenditure data for the three illness types, sourced from the ABS data (2009), are detailed in Table 1. As the following discussion illustrates, each of these illness types has a unique profile in relation to physiological impact, symptom severity, risk factors, age of onset, treatability/reversibility, and mortality risk. Living with these different types of illness also has differential influences on affective state and QoL, as is also evidenced in the sections to come. Due to their high prevalence, economic impact, and diverse physical and psychosocial profiles, these three chronic illnesses were chosen for study in the current research. Use of abbreviation in subsequent citations Use of ‘serial’ comma No additional spaces between paragraphs Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a respiratory illness characterised by airway inflammation and limitation that results in increasing shortness of breath and oxygen desaturation. It involves an overlap of symptoms related to asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema, and is a degenerative, disabling condition involving a Use of et al. in repeat citation with 3 or more authors Subsequent use of abbreviation in the text First reference to abbreviation in the text high level of distress, with sufferers often left ‘gasping for air’ (McKenzie, Frith, Burdon, & Town, 2003). Epidemiological studies (McKenzie et al., 2003; Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Lee, & Podsakoff, 2003) show that COPD is an issue that has long-lasting impact on many populations around the world. Newman et al. (2004) also report that ……. Use of serial comma References Use the heading References here –centred on top line and NOT in bold Reference list starts on a new page and is listed alphabetically by first author Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2009). Causes of death (Report No. 3303.0). Retrieved from http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/83A6580246688CEBCA2578840012A073/$File/33030_2009.pdf Fitzgerald Miller, J. (2000). Coping with chronic illness: Overcoming powerlessness (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: F. A. Davis Company. Books: Italicise book title (but not edition number if provided) Harris, A. H. S., & Thoresen, C. E. (2006). Extending the influence of positive psychology interventions into health care settings: Lessons from self-efficacy and forgiveness. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1, 27 – 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20264 Double spaced with hanging indent for each new reference Keyes, C. L. M. (2007). Promoting and protecting mental health as flourishing: A complementary strategy for improving national mental health. American Psychologist, 62, 95-108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.62.2.95 Sentence capitalisation for titles. Capitalise first word after colon (if used in title) Maddux, J. E. (2008). Positive psychology and the illness ideology: Toward a positive clinical psychology. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 57, 54-70. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-0597.2008.00354.x McKenzie, D. K., Frith, P. A., Burdon, J. G. W., & Town, G. I. (2003). The COPD-X Plan: Australian and New Zealand guidelines for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2003. Medical Journal of Australia, 178, S1-S40. Newman, S., Steed, L., & Mulligan, K. (2004). Self-management interventions for chronic illness. Lancet, 364, 1523-1537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-673617277-2 Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 879-903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879 Use of capital letters for proper nouns (e.g. country names) and abbreviations in titles Ensure correct spacing and punctuation after author initials. Turk, D. C., & Akiko, O. (2002). Psychological factors in chronic pain: Evolution and revolution. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 678-690. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-006X.70.3.678 Wood, A. M., & Tarrier, N. (2010). Positive clinical psychology: A new vision and strategy for integrated research and practice. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 819-829. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.06.003 Journal articles: Italicise journal name and volume number s1234567
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Assignment Presentation Formatting Guidelines All undergraduate written essay and research report style assignments should be formatted using the following rules: Margins: 2.54 left, right, top and bottom (this is the pre-set default margin setting). Font Type: ‘Times New Roman’. Font Size: 12 point font only with no larger fonts used for headings (if used). Line Spacing: Double line spacing should be used throughout the assignment and on the reference list with no additional spaces between paragraph, assignment ‘sections’ or listed references. New paragraphs or sections are indicated by indenting of the first line of each new paragraph (see presentation format exemplar). Indenting: Each new paragraph should be indented 5-7 spaces (or one Tab space). Justification: No justification of text on right hand margin. Justify the left side of text in the body of essay/report except for indents required for the first lines of each new paragraph (see presentation format exemplar). Page Numbers: Page numbers should be inserted in the upper right-hand side of the page header flush against the margin. Page numbers should start on the Title Page (starting at 1) and should be formatted with just the page number (see presentation format exemplar). Assignment Title: Devise a suitably descriptive assignment title to include on the title page. Examples include: Managing Norovirus in Aged Care Facilities; Annotated Bibliography for Essay Question Four; Education Plan for the Long-Term Management of Type II Diabetes. Footer: Your student number is to be inserted into the footer of the document (to assist with identification of lost pages if submission errors occur). Griffith University Cover Page: Complete and include the official university cover page. Assignment template documents for both INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP assignments that have the university cover page already merged are available for download on the Griffith Health Writing & Referencing Guide website. Title Page: Include a title page with the following information. See presentation format exemplar for example. Student Name: Essay/Report title: Word count: (excluding title page, reference list/bibliography and appendices) Note: Your title page will also have a page number in the header (starting at ‘1’) and your student number in the footer (see presentation format exemplar). Word Count: Word counts will comprise ALL text material contained in the body of the written assignment. This will include in-text citations, quotations, and any headings (if used). This will also include any information presented in tables or figures which are included WITHIN the body of the assignment. Information included outside of the main body of the assignment (e.g. university coversheet, title page, reference list, preparation table) will NOT contribute to the word count. Please Note: You must adhere to the stipulated word count for your assignment. Assignments which go over this stated limit will be penalised, with the marker ceasing to read your paper once the word count has been reached. Headings: Headings are generally used more in research reports than in essays. The following rules should be followed to format headings if used. Note: In general, if you are using headings in an essay, you will format them using ‘Level 2’ heading guidelines (see table below). Level of Heading Format Centred, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading Flush left, boldface, Upper and Lowercase Heading Indented, boldface, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period. Indented, boldface, italicised, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period. Indented, italicised, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period. The above table has been adapted from the APA Style Guide to Electronic References (2012). Note: In general, if you are using headings in an essay, you will format them using Level 2 heading guidelines. Headings in a research report will be mainly formatted as Level 1, 2, and 3 headings, however all five levels of headings can be used in research reports (depending on the size of your report and the nature of information you need to discuss in particular sections).  When using Level 1 and 2 headings, your paragraph text will commence on the next line, indented by one tab space. When using Levels 3, 4 and 5, your paragraph text will commence two spaces after the full stop at the end of the heading (i.e. continuing on the same line as the heading). See the APA Annotated Exemplars (Essay and Research Report versions) in the ‘APA Referencing Guidelines’ section of the Griffith Health Writing and Referencing Guide website for examples of how to format different levels of headings and associated paragraph text. Important Tip: When writing research reports, do not include the heading ‘Introduction’ at the start of your report. The heading at the start of your Introduction should be the title of the report that you have included on your title page. It should be formatted as a Level 1 heading (see table above). Serial Comma: APA conventions require the use of a comma between elements in a series of three or more items. This is known as a ‘serial comma’. For example: Examining height, width, and depth indicated that …….. Use of numbers in assignment text: Numbers between zero and nine should be represented in words. For example: There were five experimental groups in the trial. Numbers ten and above should be represented in numerical format. For example: A total of 47 participants took part in the pilot test.
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1 APA CHECKLIST Acronyms  You can use acronyms in your essay/report as long as your express the complete term (followed by the acronym in brackets) the first time you refer to it in text. After this, you need only include the acronym. For example: o For patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), exercise capacity is severely limited in these situations (Smith & Bloggs, 2013). Furthermore, studies have shown that individuals living with COPD have decreased quality of life in relation to .. ……  If you are going to cite an organisation that has a common abbreviation more than once in your essay, you can format this as follows: First citation: A recent report (World Health Organization [WHO], 2014) highlighted five factors that contribute to increased economic burden in relation to healthcare in third world nations. Subsequent citations: Similar trends have also been noted in studies conducted internationally (WHO, 2014). Commonly recognised abbreviations include: World Health Organizati on (WHO) National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) American Psychological Association (APA) Australian Psychological Society (APS) Author names  For in -text citations , only cite the author surname and the year of publication. As a general rule, author initials are not included.  On the reference list , the author surname and initials must be included. In general, the author surname will be included first, followed by the initial(s). o The only exceptio n to this is when you reference a chapter from an edited book. In this instance, the chapter authors are listed first (by author surname then initials ) whereas the editor details are listed with initials first followed by surname. For example:  Ahmad, Y., & Smith, P. K. (1994). Bullying in schools and the issue of sex differences. In J. Archer (Ed.), Male violence (pp. 70 -83). London: Routledge.  List authors in the order in which they appear in the source. Never re -order the listing of publication authors for any reason. 2 RULES FOR MULTIPLE WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR Sources with the Same Author with DIFFERENT YEARS On the reference list, include the works by the same author starting with the earliest work first. For example, Smith, E. (2008). The psycho logical management of chronic illness among children and adolescents. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 11 , 445 -460. http://dx.doi.org/10.330.0044 -XX875776 Smith, E. (2011). Managing co -morbid chronic conditions among childhood populations. International Journal of Stress Management, 3 , 22 -41. http://dx.doi.org/10.299.4877XZ993032 Sources with the Same Author with the SAME YEAR When you have multiple sources by the same author published in the same year, a lowercase letter is added to the year to distinguish one work from another. References are arranged alphabetically according to the title . Examples of how to cite and reference such works are listed below. Citing in text: Other factors shown to impact the management of stress and anxiety in adolescents with chronic illness are gender, socio -economic status, and illness severity (Smith, 2008a). Smith (2008b) stated that …….. On the Reference list: Smith, E. (2008a). Psychological factors related to managing stress and anxiety among adolescents with chronic illness. International Journal of Stress Management , 5 , 445 – 460. http://dx.doi.org/10.990.33020B3308 Smith, E. (2008b) . The psychological management of chronic illness among children and adolescents. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 11 , 445 -460. http://dx.doi.org/10.330.0044 -XX875776 3 RULES FOR DIFFERENT NUMBERS OF AUTHORS o When you have a reference with between one and seven authors , you need to list all authors on the reference list. o When you have a reference with eight or more authors , list the first six authors, then insert three ‘full stops’ then add the last author’s name. For example: Engberg, M., Dugan, T. R., Haworth, J. J., Williams, T. S., Johnson, R. R., MacArthur, O., … Jackson, R. T. (2008). Navigating the complex world of emotions: A meta -analysis of recent works. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34 , 223 -240. http: //dx.doi.org/10.1067/dsi.2990 Electronic Sources on Reference list – doi or URL?  A Digital Object Identifier (doi) is a permanent electronic link that enables easy identification and retrieval of electronically sourced information. A doi is commonly attached to journal articles, often appearing on the first page of the article.  A URL is a roadmap to digital information on the internet (APA Style Guide to Electronic References, 2012).  General rule : The doi is the preferred electronic retrieval format ( for journal articles in particular), however, if you cannot easily identify the doi, include the document URL in your reference.  If referencing a ‘doi’ with electronic journal articles, make sure to preface the actual doi number with the following: o http:// dx.doi.org/xxxxxxxx A complete doi would look similar to the following: o http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0024996  When including a doi or URL with your electronic source, make sure to remove the hyperlink so it is not an active weblink. Do not include a full stop at the end of a doi or URL on your reference list. The above information has been adapted from the APA Style Guide to Electronic References (2012). 4 Font Size and Type  Times New Roman 12 point font should be used throughout your assignment set. No different types or font sizes should be used anywhere (including your headings).  Tip: Make sure to double check your header and footer format, as sometimes the default setting for these can be set at a different font typ e and size. Hanging Indent  All references should have a hanging indent (the first line of each reference is left aligned with all subsequent lines are indented five to seven spaces – or one tab space). Headings  Headings are generally used more in rese arch reports than in essays. The following rules should be followed to format headings if used. Note: In general, if you are using headings in an essay , you will format them using ‘Level 2’ heading guidelines (see table below). Level of Heading Format 1 Centred, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading 2 Flush left, boldface, Upper and Lowercase Heading 3 Indented, boldface, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period. 4 Indented, boldface, italicised, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period. 5 Indented, italicised, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period. The above table has been adapted from the APA Style Guide to Electronic References (2012). Indenting of Paragraphs  Each new paragraph should be indented 5 -7 spaces (or one Tab space). This is how you signify that you have started a new paragraph. There should be NO additional spaces between paragraphs or assignment ‘sections’ (see Annotated Example). 5 In -text Citations  Use ‘and’ between the last 2 authors when you have a citation with 3 or more authors within the text .  Use ‘&’ symbol between the last 2 authors when you have a citation with 3 or more authors within brackets .  On the reference list however, use “&” symbol only when referencing two or more authors. For example : o Miller, R. M., Roger, K. L., & Standing, J. J. (2013) o Naylor, E. R. , & Kismet, W. T. (2011)  When citing multiple sources within a bracketed area, make sure that you have ordered your sources alphabetically by first author. o For example (Baker, Stobbs, & Miller, 2009; Johnson & Leelan, 2013; Swarovski, Teller, Beck, & Howard, 2014).  Make sure to use ‘et al.’ appropriately: o For citations with 3, 4, or 5 authors, lis t all authors in the first citation. For all subsequent citations, use first authors name followed by ‘et al.’ o For citations with 6 or more authors, for all citations from the first onward, use the first author’s name only, followed by ‘et al.’  Include a citation(s) directly after you refer to or discuss information from a source in your paragraph. Do NOT simply list the citation(s) at the end of the paragraph. TIP: In -text Citation & Reference List Consistency  Have you cross -checked your citations to make sure they match up with your reference list? Everything cited in your essay /report needs to have a corresponding reference on the refer ence list. Everything included o n the reference list needs to be cited in -text. Issue Numbers  Have you used issue numbers correctly?  Remember, as a general rule, you do not include the issue number of the journal volume. You only include issue numbers when the journal is paginated by issue (i.e. each new volume begins at page 1).  Note : You can check this by entering the name of the journal into the library catalogue search box. When the journal is displayed, click on it to take you to the journal home page. You can then view the issues linked to each volume. Check to see if each new issue for a particular volume star ts back at page 1 (if so you need to include the issue number on your reference list). If each new issue for that particular volume continues on from where the last page number of the previous issue, you do NOT need to include the issue number. 6 Italics  Mak e sure you have used italics appropriately. The following parts of your references should be in italics: o Name of Journal and volume (for journal articles) o Book title (for books) o Title of report in grey literature (e.g. Government or corporate report title, press release title, white paper title, fact sheet/brochure title, o Conference paper title o Thesis title o Photograph title  Do not italicise titles of documents that ‘stand -alone’ on websites (i.e. a document or article that is not published by a scholarly jo urnal or a research/government source). Try to avoid using such ‘unreliable’ sources. The above information has been adapted from the APA Style Guide to Electronic References (2012). Line Spacing  Double line spacing should be used throughout your assignment. This includes the Reference list (see Annotated Example). Page Numbers  Page numbers should be inserted in the upper right -hand side of the page header flush against the margin. Page numbers should to start on the Title Page (starting at 1) and should be formatted with just the page number (see Annotated Example). Punctuation  Check that you have used spacing and punctuation appropriately. Period o Insert one space after:  periods that separate parts of a reference. For example: o Smith, I. B., Baker, J. S., & Colman, O. (2013).  When using ‘et al.’, punctuate as follows: o Wilson et al. (2011) reported o Wilson et al.’s (2011) study demonstrated ….. o A recent study (Wilson et al., 2011) demonstrated that… 7 Serial Comma  Use a comma between elements in a series of three or more items. o For example:  Examining height, width, and depth demonstrated that…..  (Bidgood, Alexander, & Samuel, 2005)  It was noted by Bidgood, Alexander, and Samuel (2005) that …..  Bidgood, J. C., Alexander, T., & Samuel, P. (2013).  Watch the placement of commas and spacing after full stops when listing author names (see examples above). Quotations  Make sure to always include the page number with your citation when you quote directly from a source.  Make sure to place double quotation marks around the quoted text.  Avoid overuse of direct quotations. As a general rule, try to paraphrase rather than quote. Sentence Capitalisation  Make sure to use sentence capitalisation for the titles of your sources (e.g. journal article tit le, name of book, title of report). Remember there are some exceptions to this rule (see below) o Capitalise the first word after the placement of a colon in t he title of a journal. For example: An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric prope rties. o Cap italise surnames and/or country names in journal article titles. For example: Analysis of Freudian theory: Investigating memory bias among Brazilian nationals. o Capitalise abbreviations in journal article titles. For example: Development and valid ation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Use of Numbers in Text  Numbers between zero and nine are expressed in words within the body of your essay/report. For example: o The pilot study recruited five participants who each completed a headache diary over a two -week period.  Numbers that are ten and over should be expressed as numerals. For example: o The study, which assessed respiratory function and oxygen saturation levels among 416 in -patients at a local hospital, reported t hat ……