Epidemiology Class Retrospective Cohort I need someone to complete what I have done and work Just on the methods.

Epidemiology Class Retrospective Cohort I need someone to complete what I have done and work Just on the methods.
The proposal should start with a Title Page, including the title of the study, the date of the proposal, authors’ names, and the class information. This page should be followed by an Abstract of no more than 100 words. The proposal should be a linear document and should be divided into the following sections: The Introduction should contain the following: • A concise description of the nature of the problem (the discrepancy between what is and what should be) and of the size, distribution, and severity of the problem (who is affected, where, since when, and what are the consequences). • An extensive, systematic, and critical review of all the relevant peer-reviewed publications dealing with the topic/problem being investigated. • Rationale for the study: This relates to the origin/source of the topic and the importance of the problem. A brief description of any solutions to the problem that have been tried in the past should be given, how well they have worked, and why further research is needed. • Objectives of this specific study, including the general objective (general aim or purpose of the study which is derived from the research topic) and specific objectives, which are based on your general objective. You should list the specific objectives to be achieved at the end of the study. This can either be in the form of a statement (to determine, to compare, …) or a research question. In the case of analytical or experimental studies, hypotheses could be stated instead of specific objectives. • Significance of the study: This is a description of the type of information expected to result from the project and a clarification of how this information will be used to help solve the problem (contribution to existing knowledge). The Methods section should contain the following information: • Study population and sampling: Define the study population (e.g., age, sex, place, condition) and the sampling or selection method/criteria. • Study setting as relevant to the specific problem being investigated. For example, a brief description of the relevant geography, socio-demographic or cultural characteristics, health status, or health care system. • A ‘definition and operationalization of concepts into variables’ section. Define all the concepts in your title and objectives operationally, i.e., the way the terms will be used in your study. Define the dependent variable, the independent variable(s) and if relevant, the confounding variables. • Study design: Select and explain the design of your study based on the research topic. State whether it is an observational study or an intervention study. If it is an observational study, is it a descriptive study or an analytical study (cross-sectional, case-control, cohort study). In case of an intervention study describe, if relevant, the method of randomization and concealment of treatment allocation. • Measurement instrument: Based on your topic, research design and study population, identify the appropriate instrument(s) for data collection, such as: interview guide, questionnaire, checklist, or data collection form. Describe the instrument(s) in detail (including validity, reliability). Is blinding applied (for caregivers, participants, outcome assessors) where relevant? • Plan for data collection: Who will collect what data, in what sequence, how, when? Include dummy tables for the data you plan to collect. • Ethical considerations: State how you intend to follow ethical rules (e.g., informed consent, anonymity, confidentiality, risks, care of vulnerable groups). Above all, make sure your reader understands how the methodology and data sources you have chosen are appropriate to your specific topic and aims. The Conclusion section should contain the following: • The ‘strengths and limitations of the study’: a) What makes your study better than earlier studies? b) What are the limiting factors in your study that may affect the possibility of generalizing your results? Is your sample size small? Are there confounding variables that might affect the cause-effect relationship? If your answer to any of these questions is yes, explain the reason and how such factor might affect the quality of your study. • Address the “So What?” of this research. Why does what you are investigating matter as more than an academic exercise? Why should your audience want to read it? What real-world implications might arise from your study’s findings? Author contributions, following CRediT guidelines (see below), should follow the conclusion section. In-text citations and a References section must follow AMA guidelines. Formatting: Body of final paper (not including title page, abstract, and works cited) must be 10-12 pages Double-spaced, 12pt Times New Roman, 1” margins AMA citation style; 10-15 peer-reviewed citations
Epidemiology Class Retrospective Cohort I need someone to complete what I have done and work Just on the methods.
Proposal Skeleton My professor comments on draft1 : Excellent! Very nice sentence to set up your study’s aim and purpose. What is the aim of your study? What are your independent and outcome variables? How will they be measured? What study design will you employ and why? Your proposal should be for an actual research project that you can implement, using a cohort study design. A literature search is not acceptable: you must propose to collect primary/secondary data and analyze it. -Outline of intended research proposal topic  A very brief description of what you plan to study. Raw outlines of plans to do in research Tobacco and its role on Oral Health  Population of interest and topic of study. Adult Americans “ever-smokers”  Your group should provide a summary of the work that has already been done on this topic, purpose in each sentence.  Gaps in the literature that you have identified,  Hypothesis and outcome to measure (1)> I expect to find that smoking has a vastly negative effect on oral health and even with the decrease in smokers using traditional tobacco cigarettes the rise of e-cigarettes has caused the total number of smokers to remain at a high level. In the 1970s a series of small events started an initiative to bring awareness and cessation to an invalidated epidemic that still affects 34 Million American adults today. Cigarettes and their various forms of use remain a leading cause of preventable life-debilitating disease. According to the 2019 CDC Smoking & Tobacco Use online database, fourteen of every 100 adults are considered Ever-smokers. An Ever-smoker is a person who smokes almost every day and has had > 100 cigarettes in their lifetime. This large intake of nicotine products orally over a long-term period is associated with a strong influence in developing an oral disease. (R. Holliday et al 2021) Continued smoking becomes a breeding point for more bacteria and other severe illnesses such as gum disease, mouth cancer, and throat cancer. The study “Electronic Cigarettes and Oral Health” by R.Holliday et al. (2021); looked into E-cigarettes, also referred to as vaping, and their recent gain in popularity in the United States around 2007. Through this recently trendy method of smoking, there have been many changes and unregulated modifications to products. (2)> Currently, there is not enough literature exploring e-cigarettes and their effects on health. This is partly because of “hot stuff bias,” a term that refers to when something is a new fad it is not viewed as critically, then is often avoided being published. There is also a deficit in long-term exposure studies, which currently cannot be artificially analyzed because of difficulty recreating the cellular structure and environment of the human mouth.  (3)> This research proposal hypothesizes that smoking has a vastly negative effect on oral health and even with the decrease in smokers using traditional tobacco cigarettes the rise of e-cigarettes has caused the total number of smokers to remain at a high level. There has not been an in-depth study to estimate the future impact of e-cigarette use and its adverse effects on oral health. (4)> This study’s intention is to explore literature data and solidify this outcome.  Retrospective Cohort  Hypothesis: When an adult is an avid daily smoker there is a vastly negative effect on oral health. Compared to traditional tobacco cigarettes, e-cigarettes have a greater effect on the diagnosis of oral or throat cancer over the period of a smoker’s lifetime, even when converting from traditional cigarettes to modern vaping.  ^Rewrite the hypothesis.